E-ISSN 1658-8223 | ISSN 1658-645X
 

Review Article 


Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review

Majed Alamri.

Abstract
Background: Delirium is an acute change in mental status with an unpredictable course of diminished attention and incoherent thinking, which is common among ICU patients. Various evidence implies a correlation between delirium and many fatal outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, such as higher 6-month mortality rate, longer hospital stays, longer post-ICU hospital stays, a higher occurrence of cognitive impairment, and long-term cognitive impairment after a critical illness.

Aim: To identify the risk factors, pathophysiology, and management of ICU delirium among critically ill patients.

Method: Using literature review, this study thoroughly examined the results of studies from different journals investigating ICU delirium

Findings: The identified risk factors were age, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, eroids, sedatives, total number of medications, sodium level, hypoalbuminemia, hypertension, sepsis, chronic renal failure, trauma, immobility, and pain. Moreover, underlying mechanisms in the development of ICU delirium were cholinergic deficiency, neuropathologic lesion, direct brain insults, aberrant stress response and inflammatory process, and alteration of plasma melatonin. Numerous effective non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments are available to manage delirium.

Conclusion: Delirium is a form of acute brain dysfunction that is not well-recognized in ICU. The identification of the risk factors and the possible underlying mechanisms for the development of delirium continues to be the first step in its management; then, the next step is often pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments. The choice of these treatments should be understood as part of a greater multicomponent approach in the management of critically ill patients.

Key words: ICU delirium, Risk factors, Pathophysiology, Pharmacologic treatments, Non-pharmacologic treatments


 
ARTICLE TOOLS
Abstract
PDF Fulltext
How to cite this articleHow to cite this article
Citation Tools
Related Records
 Articles by Majed Alamri
on Google
on Google Scholar


How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Majed Alamri. Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2017; 5(1): 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008


Web Style

Majed Alamri. Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. https://www.mjhs-mu.org/?mno=294028 [Access: December 05, 2023]. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008


AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Majed Alamri. Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2017; 5(1): 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Majed Alamri. Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah J Heal Sci. (2017), [cited December 05, 2023]; 5(1): 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



Harvard Style

Majed Alamri (2017) Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah J Heal Sci, 5 (1), 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



Turabian Style

Majed Alamri. 2017. Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 5 (1), 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



Chicago Style

Majed Alamri. "Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 5 (2017), 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Majed Alamri. "Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review." Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences 5.1 (2017), 66-86. Print. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008



APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Majed Alamri (2017) Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, and Management of ICU Delirium: A Literature Review. Majmaah Journal of Health Sciences, 5 (1), 66-86. doi:10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.008





Most Viewed Articles
Most Accessed Articles

  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypercholesterolemia in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
    Khalid El Tohami Medani, Mohammed Abdullah Al Mansour, Elsadig Yousif Mohamed, Fahad Alfhaid, Talal Shakhs Alghamdi, Waqas Sami, Sawsan Mustafa Abdalla, Mansour Khater Al Zahrani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 34-41
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.006

  • Physical Therapy Intervention in Post Stroke Shoulder Subluxation: A Narrative Review
    Mazen Alqahtani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 48-60
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.008

  • Gentamicin induced neurodegenerative changes in auditory cortex of adult Albino rats
    Rehan M Asad, Moattar R Rizvi, Sami Waqas, Kamran Afzal
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2013; 1(1): 11-17
    » Abstract » doi: 10.12816/0004766

  • Parental Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Antibiotic use for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
    Khaled Al-Dossari
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2013; 1(1): 33-45
    » Abstract » doi: 10.12816/0004769

  • Prevalence of Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
    Fahad Alfhaid
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 10-16
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.003

  • Most Downloaded
    Top Downloaded Articles

  • Medical Waste Management Survey in Primary Health Care Centers, Saudi Arabia
    Eltigani O.M Omer, Ali S. R. Alsubaie
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2017; 5(1): 7-22
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2017.01.003

  • Wet cupping (Hijama) positively and significantly impacted multiple hematological parameters
    Abdulraheem Alshareef, Ahmad Khalaf Alsaedi, Ahmad Abdulaziz Alnakhli, Abdulrahman Amer Albeladi, Raed Saad AlHejili, Mohammed Siddig Younis
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2021; 9(2): 98-112
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2021.02.011

  • Prevalence & Perception of CAM Usage in Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Syed Yousaf Kazmi, Waqas Sami, Saud Ibnsaut Alharbi, Meshaal almeshaal, Anas Alzahrani, Fahad Alyousif, Osama Alenezi
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(2): 50-61
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.02.007

  • Physical Therapy Intervention in Post Stroke Shoulder Subluxation: A Narrative Review
    Mazen Alqahtani
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2018; 6(1): 48-60
    » Abstract » doi: 10.5455/mjhs.2018.01.008

  • The “Epidemiological Transmission” and “Double-Burden of Disease”: A Focus on Africa
    Asim Abdelmoneim Hussein
    Majmaah J Heal Sci. 2014; 2(2): 3-11
    » Abstract

  • Most Cited Articles
    Most Cited Articles